The supplied material is a bibliography rather than a conventional news article. It brings together research on radiation, charge-carrier recombination, defects, band gaps, transport, and optoelectronic applications across perovskites, chalcogenides, silicon and related semiconductor materials. The references span foundational work from 1860 through 2026, alongside computational methods, solar-cell efficiency records and photodetector research.
References
- Kirchhoff, G. I. On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat. Lond. Edinb. Dubl. Philos. Mag. J. Sci. 20, 275–301 (1860). Google Scholar
- Würfel, P. The chemical potential of radiation. J. Phys. C 15, 3967 (1982). Article
- van Roosbroeck, W. & Shockley, W. Photon-radiative recombination of electrons and holes in germanium. Phys. Rev. 94, 1558–1560 (1954). Article
- Davies, C. L. et al. Bimolecular recombination in methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite is an inverse absorption process. Nat. Commun. 9, 293 (2018). Article
- deQuilettes, D. W. et al. Charge-carrier recombination in halide perovskites. Chem. Rev. 119, 11007–11019 (2019). Article
- Krückemeier, L., Liu, Z., Kirchartz, T. & Rau, U. Quantifying charge extraction and recombination using the rise and decay of the transient photovoltage of perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. 35, 2300872 (2023). Article
- Sum, T. C., Righetto, M. & Lim, S. S. Quo vadis, perovskite emitters? J. Chem. Phys. 152, 130901 (2020). Article
- Chen, Z. et al. Recombination dynamics study on nanostructured perovskite light-emitting devices. Adv. Mater. 30, 1801370 (2018). Article
- Pastor, E. et al. Electronic defects in metal oxide photocatalysts. Nat. Rev. Mater. 7, 503–521 (2022). Article
- Zachäus, C., Abdi, F. F., Peter, L. M. & van de Krol, R. Photocurrent of BiVO4 is limited by surface recombination, not surface catalysis. Chem. Sci. 8, 3712–3719 (2017). Article
- Johnston, M. B. & Herz, L. M. Hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics: charge-carrier recombination, diffusion, and radiative efficiencies. Acc. Chem. Res. 49, 146–154 (2016). Article
- Jin, H. et al. It’s a trap! On the nature of localised states and charge trapping in lead halide perovskites. Mater. Horiz. 7, 397–410 (2020). Article
- Zhang, X., Turiansky, M. E., Shen, J.-X. & Van de Walle, C. G. Defect tolerance in halide perovskites: a first-principles perspective. J. Appl. Phys. 131, 090901 (2022). Article
- National Laboratory of the Rockies (formerly NREL). Best research-cell efficiency chart (2026).
- Hossain, K., Sivadas, D., Kabra, D. & Nair, P. R. Perovskite solar cells dominated by bimolecular recombination─how far is the radiative limit? ACS Energy Lett. 9, 2310–2317 (2024). Article
- Simbula, A. et al. Direct measurement of radiative decay rates in metal halide perovskites. Energy Environ. Sci. 15, 1211–1221 (2022). Article
- Nguyen, H. T., Baker-Finch, S. C. & Macdonald, D. Temperature dependence of the radiative recombination coefficient in crystalline silicon from spectral photoluminescence. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 112105 (2014). Article
- Trupke, T. et al. Temperature dependence of the radiative recombination coefficient of intrinsic crystalline silicon. J. Appl. Phys. 94, 4930–4937 (2003). Article
- Milot, R. L., Eperon, G. E., Snaith, H. J., Johnston, M. B. & Herz, L. M. Temperature-dependent charge-carrier dynamics in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 6218–6227 (2015). Article
- Cowan, A. J. & Durrant, J. R. Long-lived charge separated states in nanostructured semiconductor photoelectrodes for the production of solar fuels. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 2281–2293 (2013). Article
- Buizza, L. R. V. & Herz, L. M. Polarons and charge localization in metal-halide semiconductors for photovoltaic and light-emitting devices. Adv. Mater. 33, 2007057 (2021). Article
- Pastor, E. et al. In situ observation of picosecond polaron self-localisation in α-Fe2O3 photoelectrochemical cells. Nat. Commun. 10, 3962 (2019). Article
- Hutter, E. M. et al. Direct–indirect character of the bandgap in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite. Nat. Mater. 16, 115–120 (2017). Article
- Sarritzu, V. et al. Direct or indirect bandgap in hybrid lead halide perovskites? Adv. Opt. Mater. 6, 1701254 (2018). Article
- Ulatowski, A. M. et al. Contrasting charge-carrier dynamics across key metal-halide perovskite compositions through in situ simultaneous probes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2305283 (2023). Article
- Zhang, X., Shen, J.-X., Wang, W. & Van de Walle, C. G. First-principles analysis of radiative recombination in lead-halide perovskites. ACS Energy Lett. 3, 2329–2334 (2018). Article
- Rath, A. K., Bernechea, M., Martinez, L. & Konstantatos, G. Solution-processed heterojunction solar cells based on p-type PbS quantum dots and n-type Bi2S3 nanocrystals. Adv. Mater. 23, 3712–3717 (2011). Article
- Manna, G., Bose, R. & Pradhan, N. Photocatalytic Au–Bi2S3 heteronanostructures. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 6743–6746 (2014). Article
- Huo, N. et al. Engineering vacancies in Bi2S3 yielding sub-bandgap photoresponse and highly sensitive short-wave infrared photodetectors. Adv. Opt. Mater. 7, 1900258 (2019). Article
- Yao, F. et al. Charge-carrier dynamics of evaporated bismuth-based chalcogenide thin films probed with time-resolved microwave conductivity. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 14, 5517–5523 (2023). Article
- Wang, X., Li, Z., Kavanagh, S. R., Ganose, A. M. & Walsh, A. Lone pair driven anisotropy in antimony chalcogenide semiconductors. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 24, 7195–7202 (2022). Article
- Linhart, W. M., Zelewski, S. J., Scharoch, P., Dybała, F. & Kudrawiec, R. Nesting-like band gap in bismuth sulfide Bi2S3. J. Mater. Chem. C 9, 13733–13738 (2021). Article
- Bernechea, M., Cao, Y. & Konstantatos, G. Size and bandgap tunability in Bi2S3 colloidal nanocrystals and its effect in solution processed solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 20642–20648 (2015). Article
- Aresti, M. et al. Colloidal Bi2S3 nanocrystals: quantum size effects and midgap states. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 3341–3350 (2014). Article
- Yu, P. Y. & Cardona, M. Optical properties I. in Fundamentals of Semiconductors: Physics and Materials Properties, 4th edn., 243–344 (Springer, 2010).
- Hohenberg, P. & Kohn, W. Inhomogeneous electron gas. Phys. Rev. 136, B864–B871 (1964). Article
- Kohn, W. & Sham, L. J. Self-consistent equations including exchange and correlation effects. Phys. Rev. 140, A1133–A1138 (1965). Article
- Righetto, M. et al. Cation-disorder engineering promotes efficient charge-carrier transport in AgBiS2 nanocrystal films. Adv. Mater. 35, 2305009 (2023). Article
- Huang, Y.-T. et al. Strong absorption and ultrafast localisation in NaBiS2 nanocrystals with slow charge-carrier recombination. Nat. Commun. 13, 4960 (2022). Article
- Lal, S. et al. Bandlike transport and charge-carrier dynamics in BiOI films. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 14, 6620–6629 (2023). Article
- Farooq, S. et al. High gain solution-processed carbon-free BiSI chalcohalide thin film photodetectors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2104788 (2021). Article
- Perdew, J. P., Ernzerhof, M. & Burke, K. Rationale for mixing exact exchange with density functional approximations. J. Chem. Phys. 105, 9982–9985 (1996). Article
- Hybertsen, M. S. & Louie, S. G. Electron correlation in semiconductors and insulators: band gaps and quasiparticle energies. Phys. Rev. B 34, 5390–5413 (1986). Article
- Filip, M. R., Patrick, C. E. & Giustino, F. GW quasiparticle band structures of stibnite, antimonselite, bismuthinite, and guanajuatite. Phys. Rev. B 87, 205125 (2013). Article
- Crothers, T. W. et al. Photon reabsorption masks intrinsic bimolecular charge-carrier recombination in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. Nano Lett. 17, 5782–5789 (2017). Article
- Saba, M. et al. Correlated electron–hole plasma in organometal perovskites. Nat. Commun. 5, 5049 (2014). Article
- ’t Hooft, G. W. & van Opdorp, C. Temperature dependence of interface recombination and radiative recombination in (Al, Ga)As heterostructures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 42, 813–815 (1983). Article
- Schenk, A. A model for the field and temperature dependence of Shockley-Read-Hall lifetimes in silicon. Solid State Electron. 35, 1585–1596 (1992). Article
- Würfel, P., Finkbeiner, S. & Daub, E. Generalized Planck’s radiation law for luminescence via indirect transitions. Appl. Phys. A 60, 67–70 (1995). Article
- Hirst, L. C. & Ekins-Daukes, N. J. Fundamental losses in solar cells. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 19, 286–293 (2011). Article
- Park, Y., Zhao, B. & Fan, S. Reaching the ultimate efficiency of solar energy harvesting with a nonreciprocal multijunction solar cell. Nano Lett. 22, 448–452 (2022). Article
- Horton, M. K. et al. Accelerated data-driven materials science with the Materials Project. Nat. Mater. 24, 1522–1532 (2025). Article
- Feng, J., Qian, X., Huang, C.-W. & Li, J. Strain-engineered artificial atom as a broad-spectrum solar energy funnel. Nat. Photon. 6, 866–872 (2012). Article
- Sun, Y., Wang, D. & Shuai, Z. Indirect-to-direct band gap crossover in few-layer transition metal dichalcogenides: a theoretical prediction. J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 21866–21870 (2016). Article
- Hamer, M. J. et al. Indirect to direct gap crossover in two-dimensional InSe revealed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. ACS Nano 13, 2136–2142 (2019).
- Mudd, G. W. et al. The direct-to-indirect band gap crossover in two-dimensional van der Waals Indium Selenide crystals. Sci. Rep. 6, 39619 (2016). Article
- Peng, X., Wei, Q. & Copple, A. Strain-engineered direct-indirect band gap transition and its mechanism in two-dimensional phosphorene. Phys. Rev. B 90, 085402 (2014). Article
- Dhar, N. et al. Exfoliation behavior of van der Waals Strings: case study of Bi2S3. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 42603–42611 (2018). Article
- Semenov, V. N., Ostapenko, O. V., Lukin, A. N., Zavalishin, E. I. & Zavrazhnov, A. Y. Solid-state reactions in CdS–Bi2S3 thin films. Inorg. Mater. 36, 1197–1199 (2000). Article
- Gant, S. E. et al. Optimally tuned starting point for single-shot GW calculations of solids. Phys. Rev. Mater. 6, 053802 (2022). Article
- Giannozzi, P. et al. Advanced capabilities for materials modelling with Quantum ESPRESSO. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 29, 465901 (2017). Article
- Giannozzi, P. et al. QUANTUM ESPRESSO: a modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21, 395502 (2009). Article
- Perdew, J. P., Burke, K. & Ernzerhof, M. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865–3868 (1996). Article
- Hamann, D. R. Optimized norm-conserving Vanderbilt pseudopotentials. Phys. Rev. B 88, 085117 (2013). Article
- van Setten, M. J. et al. The PseudoDojo: training and grading a 85 element optimized norm-conserving pseudopotential table. Comput. Phys. Commun. 226, 39–54 (2018). Article
- Monkhorst, H. J. & Pack, J. D. Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations. Phys. Rev. B 13, 5188–5192 (1976). Article
- Caracas, R. & Gonze, X. First-principles study of the electronic properties of A2B3 minerals, with A=Bi,Sb and B=S,Se. Phys. Chem. Miner. 32, 295–300 (2005). Article
- Fonari, A. & Sutton, C. Effective mass calculator. GitHub (2025). GitHub
- Buizza, L. R. V. et al. Charge-carrier mobility and localization in semiconducting Cu2AgBiI6 for photovoltaic applications. ACS Energy Lett. 6, 1729–1739 (2021). Article
- Seifert, T. et al. Efficient metallic spintronic emitters of ultrabroadband terahertz radiation. Nat. Photon. 10, 483–488 (2016). Article
- Wagner, F. M. et al. Optimised spintronic emitters of terahertz radiation for time-domain spectroscopy. J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 44, 52–65 (2023). Article
Source: www.nature.com

