Online Trade in Mummified Human Remains Raises Legal and Health Concerns

Researchers led by Squires et al. searched the internet for public listings involving the sale or collection of mummified human and animal remains. The review included public Facebook and company pages, public Instagram accounts, physical retailer websites, Dutch e-commerce platforms, online auction sites, and other marketplaces. Of the 128 listings analyzed, 104 appeared on Meta-owned platforms. All listings were anonymized to protect personal information, while unaltered copies were stored on an external hard drive that was not connected to the cloud.

Most of the advertised items were mummified human remains, including body parts such as hands, feet, and heads. Some listings featured shrunken heads reportedly associated with Peru. Six listings involved animal skulls, including those of a cat, peregrine falcon, ibis, perch, and primate. Only one seller offered a complete mummified body. The researchers noted that complete specimens are exceptionally rare and can command extremely high prices, meaning they are less likely to be offered through public social media posts.

The study found that sellers generally appeared aware of the legal restrictions surrounding the sale, shipment, and international transportation of mummified human remains. Some listings specifically identified regions where such transfers are prohibited. Sellers also frequently avoided accurately declaring the contents of packages, potentially increasing the risk of seizure by customs and other authorities. In many cases, the origin and history of the remains were not disclosed.

Researchers were especially concerned by 13 Facebook listings that showed mummified bodies with visible fungal growth. The contamination may have resulted from improper storage or inadequate environmental controls. Photographs showed various discolorations, including yellow, white, gray, black, and pink areas on the preserved tissue and outer patina. Because fungal growth may not always be immediately visible, the researchers warned that the problem could be more widespread than public listings indicate.

“There is evidence that mummified bodies are being mailed to domestic and international purchasers with little, if any, consideration for the health and safety implications,” Squires said. “Clearer and more visible guidelines are needed to ensure buyers and sellers do not misunderstand shipping policies or exploit legal loopholes.”

The researchers say the findings highlight the need for clearer regulations, improved marketplace oversight, and better guidance on the safe handling and transportation of mummified human remains.

International Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2026. DOI: 10.1017/S0940739126100393 (About DOI).