Nectin-4 Enables Rubella Virus Entry Into Airway and Placental Cells

The supplied material is a bibliography covering research on rubella virus, congenital rubella syndrome and related virus-entry mechanisms. The references span the virus’s structure, receptors, cell entry, placental and fetal infection, host responses, experimental models and molecular methods. It also includes comparative work on measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-associated coronavirus and other pathogens, as well as tools used to study viral infection.

Rubella virus and congenital infection

Several references address the global burden of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome, including worldwide progress from 2012 to 2022 and estimates covering 1996–2019. Other studies examine placental pathology, the distribution of rubella antigen in fatal congenital rubella syndrome, fetal disease and possible mechanisms of cataract formation.

Virus structure and cell entry

Research cited in the bibliography describes the oligomerization of rubella virus structural proteins, the virus’s three-dimensional helical structure and the crystal structure of its E1 protein. Other studies investigate the cellular receptor for rubella virus and the roles of host-cell sphingomyelin, cholesterol, calcium and early endosomes during viral entry.

Experimental models and molecular methods

The references include work using airway and placental models, trophoblast stem cells, organoids, cell lines, pseudotype viruses, CRISPR screening, proteomics and real-time reverse-transcription PCR. Together, these studies provide experimental approaches for investigating viral tropism, host–virus interactions, viral replication and congenital infection.

References

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