Unlocking the Secrets to Maintaining a Sharp Mind in Old Age

As people age, memory often declines. While most individuals find it more challenging to remember details like where they parked their car in their 80s compared to their 50s, some exceptional individuals—termed superagers—retain remarkable memory capabilities well into their 80s. This group interests Emily Rogalski, a renowned neuroscientist.

Rogalski, based at the University of Chicago, leads the Super Ager Research. She investigates how these superagers maintain sharp cognitive functions despite signs of Alzheimer’s in their brains. Her studies reveal that superagers have larger cerebral cortices and hippocampi—both crucial for memory—and aim to understand the neural mechanisms behind their exceptional recall abilities. Rogalski emphasizes, in New Scientist, the factors that may contribute to becoming a superager.

Alexandra Thompson: What defines a SuperAger?

Emily Rogalski: A superager is typically someone over 80 years old, possessing memory capabilities comparable to individuals in their 50s or 60s. Other cognitive functions, such as language and executive function, also align with age norms. Almost everyone can think of at least one person in their life—perhaps an uncle, aunt, or neighbor—who, despite being in their 90s, behaves like they’re much younger.

Why is the focus on exceptional memory rather than other accomplishments, like athletic feats?

Forgetfulness is a prevalent concern among the elderly and often correlates with Alzheimer’s. As a neuroscientist, my focus is on individuals over 80 who demonstrate extraordinary memory, indicating they have surpassed significant risks for cognitive decline. We can study Alzheimer’s through two avenues: understanding what contributes to cognitive decline or identifying those who thrive and exploring how they achieve this.

How do you identify superagers?

We engage with communities, including farmer’s markets and retirement homes, where we conduct classes on healthy aging. Word of mouth also helps us connect with potential superagers, some of whom actively seek out others in their community. Our recruitment efforts have expanded beyond Chicago, now encompassing five sites across the U.S. and Canada, ensuring diverse representation.

What assessments determine superager eligibility?

Cognitive tests, surveys, clinical interviews, brief neurological examinations, and MRI scans are part of the intake process for potential superagers. Many participants, often unaware of their exceptional memory, proudly join our study, engaging with us biannually and providing brain donations post-mortem for further research.

What do autopsy findings typically reveal?

In superagers, tau protein levels tend to be lower, which is often associated with Alzheimer’s disease. However, some may have neurological markers that suggest a higher likelihood of cognitive impairment, yet they exhibit fewer symptoms than expected for their age.

Do superagers have specific genetic protections against Alzheimer’s?

Initial assumptions suggested superagers possess low Alzheimer’s risk; however, our findings show no significant genetic differences between them and cognitively normal individuals. Some superagers may exhibit Alzheimer-related pathology without symptoms, presenting an intriguing area for further investigation.

Certain cellular markers linked to superaging, such as von Economo neurons—found in the anterior cingulate and anterior insular cortices—are significantly more abundant in superagers, correlating with enhanced cognitive function and memory retention.

What lifestyle traits do these individuals share?

Superagers typically exhibit high levels of social engagement. To combat social isolation, they often forge connections with younger generations, volunteering or participating in community activities. Resilience and adaptability are also notable traits; many superagers have overcome significant challenges in life yet maintain a positive outlook.

While diet plays a role, superagers acknowledge varied eating habits. Exercise routines differ significantly: some engage in chair stretches while others cycle extensively.

Can you share a particularly inspiring story?

One superager, a Holocaust survivor, endured immense hardship yet thrives at over 90 years old, running a gift shop in her retirement community. Her determination to build connections and share her experiences exemplifies resilience.

Why is social engagement crucial for cognitive health?

New experiences stimulate the brain and enhance cognitive function. Engaging in conversation, especially with unfamiliar individuals, serves as a mental workout vital for maintaining mental acuity.

What benefits arise from interactions with younger individuals?

Inter-generational relationships create opportunities for mutual learning, reminiscent of a man who moved in with his daughter to bond with his grandchildren, maintaining both cognitive and social connections.

Do cognitive abilities influence social engagement?

While some cognitively gifted individuals may naturally maintain social ties, this doesn’t negate the established benefits of social engagement on cognitive function, especially for those facing Alzheimer’s.

Do superagers occasionally indulge in indulgent habits?

Indeed, some superagers share that daily rituals, like enjoying martinis at 5 p.m., foster connection in a meaningful context, highlighting the balance between indulgence and social interaction.

What advice do you offer to someone aspiring to become a superager?

Genetics plays a role but is not the sole determinant. Social connections are key. Instead of opting for solitary activities, choose to engage with friends—this simple practice can significantly influence your cognitive health.