How NASA’s Dexterous Robots Could Support Human Missions to the Moon and Mars

Humans and robots working side by side in space was once science fiction. As NASA prepares increasingly complex missions deeper into space, human-robot collaboration could become essential to safer, more productive exploration.

NASA Develops Robots for Human Space Exploration

Advanced robotic systems can improve crew performance and productivity while reducing risk and expanding the capabilities of human spaceflight. At NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, the Dexterous Robotics team develops robotic hardware and software designed to perform tasks that humans would normally complete with their hands.

“Our team is not trying to replace human explorers with robots, but to make human exploration safer and more sustainable by developing highly capable and reliable robots that operate in extreme environments,” said Sean Azimi, Dexterous Robotics team leader. “If we can send more capable robots, we can reduce risk and more efficiently do what humans do best.”

The 16-member team is part of NASA’s Robotic Systems Technology Division, which also develops mobility systems such as unmanned planetary probes. Azimi works on both dexterity and mobility projects, reflecting the overlap between the team’s areas of expertise.

The Dexterous Robotics team is generally organized into two subgroups: mechatronics and software. However, most team members have experience in electronics or mechanics, along with software development for simulation and analysis.

Building on Robonaut 2 and Valkyrie

Much of the team’s experience comes from developing two well-known humanoid robots: Robonaut 2, which participated in robotic technology demonstrations on the International Space Station for seven years, and Valkyrie, NASA’s first bipedal humanoid robot.

Many employees who worked on those projects now make up the Dexterous Robotics team, where they continue NASA’s robotics legacy and develop systems for future human missions.

Robots for Lunar Bases and Harsh Environments

The team currently supports a range of government projects and programs, including work connected to the construction of a lunar base, humanity’s first lunar outpost.

“Our work combines technology research and development with operational applications,” Azimi said.

The team also works with private companies and external partners facing similar challenges. For example, oil and gas companies are exploring robotic technology for harsh environments and tasks that may be dangerous for people.

Inside NASA’s iMETRO Robotics Test Facility

The team’s main focus is the Integrated Mobile Evaluation Testbed for Robot Operations (iMETRO) facility at Johnson Space Center.

Available to NASA programs and external partners, iMETRO helps adapt ground robotics technology for human-supervised space exploration. Potential applications include logistics, maintenance and scientific research.

The facility includes open-source software and simulation assets, spacecraft and habitat mockups, a selection of “house robots” and an outdoor stone shed. By combining digital and physical equipment, iMETRO allows users to test complete robots as well as individual hardware and software components.

Azimi said iMETRO can reduce uncertainty when NASA works with external partners.

“It shows them what we actually need to do so they don’t have to guess,” he said. “We can also connect people who are developing robotic technology, whether it’s hardware, software, or both, with people who are actually designing lunar habitats and rovers.”

This collaboration allows different teams to learn from one another. Technology providers can better understand habitat requirements, while habitat designers can learn which features robots need to operate effectively.

“They can learn how robots perceive the world and interact with objects, and what is difficult for robots compared to humans,” Azimi said. “It’s not necessarily a completely different interface; it could also be something like a larger handle or better lighting that would make things easier.”

Testing Robotic Arms for Spacecraft Maintenance

In one example, PickNik Inc. used iMETRO to test software that enables a robotic arm to recognize a spacecraft hatch, turn a latch, grasp a handle and open the door. The arm then moved a cargo bag between the hatch and a trash can.

The facility also helped NASA interns develop and test software using commercially available robotic arms and cameras. Similar systems are commonly used to inspect and maintain refrigerators and freezers, including those aboard the space station.

From Moon Missions to Future Mars Exploration

Azimi said the team’s short-term focus is developing technologies that can support a sustained human presence on the Moon. However, the same systems could also support future Mars missions.

The team is working with other government agencies to address NASA’s upcoming challenge of sharing ideas with the public about technology solutions for Mars exploration.

Why NASA Needs Human-Centered Robotics

Azimi is often asked why Johnson Space Center has a robotics team. His answer centers on the relationship between robots, people and the environments where they work.

“It’s really the human element, working in an environment designed for humans or working with humans. That’s our niche,” he said. “We are in a unique position to bring in talent to design the human environment.”